Lexicons for Sentiment, Affect, and Connotation

23.1 Defining emotion

1. What are the two families of emotion theories used in computational models?
   (1) Basic emotions: a small fixed set of atomic units from which others derive (Ekman, Plutchik). (2) Emotion as a point in a 2- or 3-dimensional space (valence, arousal, dominance).
   • Jurafsky & Martin, Speech and Language Processing, 3rd ed. draft, ch. 23, §23.1, pp. 520–521
2. What are Ekman’s six basic emotions?
   Surprise, happiness, anger, fear, disgust, sadness, proposed to be universal across cultures.
   • Jurafsky & Martin, Speech and Language Processing, 3rd ed. draft, ch. 23, §23.1, p. 521
3. What is Plutchik’s wheel of emotion?
   8 basic emotions in four opposing pairs, plus emotions derived from them:

   joy	↔	sadness
   anger	↔	fear
   trust	↔	disgust
   anticipation	↔	surprise

   • Jurafsky & Martin, Speech and Language Processing, 3rd ed. draft, ch. 23, §23.1, p. 521
4. Define valence, arousal and dominance.
   Valence: the pleasantness of the stimulus. Arousal: the level of alertness, activeness or energy it provokes. Dominance: the degree of control exerted by the stimulus or the emotion.
   • Jurafsky & Martin, Speech and Language Processing, 3rd ed. draft, ch. 23, §23.1, p. 521
5. How does sentiment relate to the dimensional view of emotion?
   It is a special case: the valence dimension (how pleasant or unpleasant a word is) is often used directly as a measure of sentiment.
   • Jurafsky & Martin, Speech and Language Processing, 3rd ed. draft, ch. 23, §23.1, p. 521
6. What is appraisal theory, and how does it differ from lexicon-based models?
   Lexicon models fix a word’s affect regardless of context, dialect or culture. Appraisal theory treats emotions as complex cognitive processes: a person considers how an event fits their goals, given its agency, certainty, urgency, novelty and control.
   • Jurafsky & Martin, Speech and Language Processing, 3rd ed. draft, ch. 23, §23.1, p. 521