Lexicons for Sentiment, Affect, and Connotation

Historical notes

1. What was the origin of formally representing subjective word meaning?
   Osgood et al. (1957): participants rated words on scales, and factor analysis found the most significant factor was the evaluative dimension (good/bad, valuable/worthless, pleasant/unpleasant). This influenced content-analysis dictionaries like the General Inquirer.
   • Jurafsky & Martin, Speech and Language Processing, 3rd ed. draft, ch. 23, Historical notes, p. 538
2. Who introduced the term “sentiment” in this sense, and for what task?
   Das and Chen (2001), measuring market sentiment from stock message board words, with a hand-made lexicon weighted by how well words discriminate classes like buy vs sell.
   • Jurafsky & Martin, Speech and Language Processing, 3rd ed. draft, ch. 23, Historical notes, p. 538
3. What did Pang et al. (2002) show?
   The power of using all the words as features for sentiment classification, without a sentiment lexicon.
   • Jurafsky & Martin, Speech and Language Processing, 3rd ed. draft, ch. 23, Historical notes, p. 538
4. What is DENSIFIER?
   An algorithm (Rothe et al. 2016) that learns to transform an embedding space so that sentiment (or another property) is concentrated in a few dimensions.
   • Jurafsky & Martin, Speech and Language Processing, 3rd ed. draft, ch. 23, Historical notes, p. 538